6.) Dosage v. Concentration: References

SHORT VERSION REFERENCES

1.) US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry,‘Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride and Fluorine.’ April 1993. TP-91/17, 4/93. Section 2.7 (Health Impacts), Pg. 112, ‘Existing data indicate subsets of the population may be unusually susceptible to the toxic effects of fluoride and its compounds. These populations include the elderly, people with deficiencies of calcium, magnesium, and/or vitamin C, and people with cardiovascular and kidney problems… Impaired renal clearance of fluoride has also been found in people with diabetes mellitus and cardiac insufficiency… People over the age of 50 often have decreased renal fluoride clearance.’ This is also cited on the EPA Union of Scientist’s website: nteu280.org, “Fluoridation: Recent History.”
Infants: Citation #16 & #17.
Kidney Dysfunction: NRC, ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water,’ 2006. Pg. 292, ‘Several investigators have shown that patients with impaired renal function, or on hemodialysis, tend to accumulate fluoride much more quickly than normal.’ Pg. 101, ‘severe renal insufficiency appears to increase bone fluoride concentrations, perhaps as much as twofold.’ See also: National Kidney Foundation, Official Position Statement Rescinding NKF’s 1981 Endorsement of Water Fluoridation, April 15, 2008. https://www.kidney.org/atoz/pdf/Fluoride_Intake_in_CKD.pdf
Iodine Deficiency: NRC, ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water,’ 2006. Pg. 88, regarding dietary iodine effect on dosage, and Pg. 234, ‘In animal studies, high fluoride intake appears to exacerbate the effects of low iodine concentrations.’
Thyroid: Pg. 262-3, “In humans, effects on thyroid function were associated with fluoride exposures of 0.05-0.13 mg/kg/day when iodine intake was adequate and 0.01-0.03 mg/kg/day when iodine intake was inadequate.”
See also: NAS, ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water,’ 2006. Pg. 23, “review acknowledged that ‘substantially’ higher intakes of fluoride from consumption of fluoridated water would result for individuals such as outdoor laborers in warm climates or people with high-urine-output disorders, but these intakes were not quantified.”

2.) World Health Organization Expert Committee on Oral Health Status and Fluoride Use “Fluorides and Oral Health,” WHO Technical Report Series 846, 1994. Pg. 34, “it is the uncontrollable exposure to fluoride that is the principal health concern.”
See also: Testimony Statement of Dr. J. William Hirzy, National Treasury Employees Union Chapter 280 aka ‘EPA Union of Scientists,’ Subcommittee on Wildlife, Fisheries and Drinking Water, U.S. Senate, June 29, 2000. Pg. 2, Section: ‘Fluoride Exposures Are Excessive and Un-controlled.’ Available on Union’s website: http://www.nteu280.org/Issues/Fluoride/629FINAL.htm or http://www.epw.senate.gov/107th/hir_0629.htm
See also: Citation #8: ‘Environmental Health Lecture: Principles of Exposure, Dose, and Response.’

3.) Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, ‘Minimum Risk Levels for Hazardous Substances.’ ‘Minimum Risk Limit (MRL): An MRL is an estimate of the daily human exposure to a hazardous substance that is likely to be without appreciable risk of adverse non-cancer health effects over a specified duration of exposure.’ http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls/index.asp

4.) Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, ‘Toxicological Profiles of Fluoride.’ Reference Dosage (RfD): Dental Fluorosis: 0.06mg/kg/day
Maximum Residue Limit (MRL): Bone Fracture: 0.05/mg/kg/day

www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp11-c8.pdf

Also viewable at EPA’s Integrated Risk Information System: http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0053.htm

5.) Ibid. Citation #4.

6.) United States Government Printing Office. Federal Register Volume 62, Number 234, Friday, December 5, 1997. 40 CFR Part 180. Environmental Protection Agency: ‘Fluorine Compounds; Time Limited Pesticide Tolerance.’ Pg. 64297, C. Exposures and Risks, Section 2, Part ii: ‘Fluoride levels in public drinking water are regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act. EPA has established a Maximum Concentration Limit (MCL) at 4.0 mg/L 0.114 mg/ kg/day to protect against crippling skeletal fluorosis (April 2, 1986) (51 FR 11396).’ http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1997-12-05/html/97-31920.htm

7.) National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards.’ Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006. Pg. 29, Infants with average water consumption: range of dosage is 0.042 to 0.072mg/kg/day. Infants with above average water consumption: range of dosage is 0.084 to 0.14mg/kg/day. http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571

8.) NRC, ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water,’ 2006. Pg. 33, ‘Mean concentration of fluoride in milk from mothers in fluoridated…’ [Tables on pg.34-5] Pg. 36, ‘communities (1mg/L in the water) was 0.0098mg/L; in nonfluoridated communities, the mean was 0.0044 mg/L.’ Summary in Table 2-6, pg. 40: “Summary of Typical Fluoride Concentrations of Selected Food and Beverages in the United States.”
1.2/ 0.0044 = 273. 1.2/ 0.0098 = 122. 0.7/0.0044 = 160. 0.7/0.01 = 70.

9.) American Dental Association e Gram, ‘Interim Guidance on Reconstituted Infant Formula,’ November 9, 2006.

10.) American Academy of Pediatrics, “Fluoride Supplementation for Children: Interim Policy Recommendations from Dietary Fluoride Workshop Committee on Nutrition, January, 1994.’ Pediatrics, Vol. 95, No. 5 (May 1998). Also published by Journal of the American Dental Association, Vol. 126, June 1995. See also: American Dental Association, “Fluoride Supplement Dosage Schedule.” http://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/fluoride-supplements#dosage

11.) US National Institute of Health’s Online Library of Medicine: “Toxnet Toxicity Data Network: Fluorosilicic Acid.” http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+2018

12.) E.U. Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrients and Allergies, Affiliated with the European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Committee on the Status of Dietary Reference Values for Fluoride. Requested by European Commission. EFSA Journal. Issue 11, No. 8 (Aug 2013). Pg. 3332. ‘Fluoride is not an essential nutrient.’ This sentence is viewable online: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3332.htm

13.) U.S. Federal Register, Volume 60, Number 249. Rules and Regulations, 21 CFR, Part 101. Docket NO. 90N-0134, RIN 0910-AA19. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, “FDA Food Labeling: Reference Daily Intakes.” December 28, 1995. Last sentence of Section II.: “Consistent with the vast majority of comments, FDA is adopting these values [Daily Values, i.e. Dietary Reference Intakes, for essential nutrients] except the value for fluoride, as explained below.” See also: National Institute of Health’s “MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia.” Note: “Recommended Daily Dietary Intake of fluoride” is a distinct term from “Recommended Daily Allowance,” used with essential nutrients like calcium. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002420.htm
14.) Letter by Dr. Bruce Albert, president of the National Academy of Sciences, and Dr. Kenneth Shine, president of the Institute of Medicine, to Dr. Albert W. Burgstahler and other scientists, November 20, 1998. “Contradictory results do not justify a classification of fluoride as an essential element, according to accepted standards. Nonetheless, because of its valuable effect on dental health, fluoride is a beneficial element for humans.’
15.) B. Burt, ‘The Changing Patterns of Systemic Fluoride Intake.’ Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 71, No. 5 (May 1992). Pg. 1228-1237. ‘Fluoride is not an essential nutrient due to a lack of studies.’

16.) Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, ‘Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine,’ 2003. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Service. Pg. 157, ‘Fluoride retention appears to be higher in children than adults. Approximately 80% of an absorbed dose of fluoride is retained in young children compared to 50% in adults. This is supported by the finding that renal fluoride excretion rate is lower in children than adults. This difference in fluoride retention is due to high fluoride uptake in developing bones.’ Viewable on Google eBooks.
17.) NRC, ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water,’ 2006. Pg. 3, ‘On per-body-weight basis, infants and young children have approximately three to four times greater exposure than do adults… Among individuals with an average water-intake rate, infants and children have the greatest total exposure to fluoride.’ See also: Pg. 29: One will note infants consume the highest dosages.

18.) See Citation #1: Kidney Dysfunction, “accumulate fluoride much more quickly than normal.”
19.) Environmental Protection Agency, ‘Dose-Response Assessment.’ ‘Both the dose at which response begin to appear and the rate at which it increases given increasing dose can be variable between different pollutants, individuals, exposure routes, etc.’

http://www.epa.gov/risk_assessment/dose-response.htm.

20.) See Citation #1: Iodine.
21.) Citation #2.
22.) Citation #4 + Citation #7

23.) Food and Nutrition Encyclopedia, 1994. 2^nd edition: Vol. 1. Edited by M & A Ensminger. CRC Press. Pg.779, ‘Fluorine has a small safety range.’ Viewable on Amazon Books. See also: K. Thiessen, “Comments on: Prioritization of Chemicals for Carcinogen Identification Committee Review. Proposed Chemicals for Committee Consideration and Consultation. Proposition 65 Implementation, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency,” May 5, 2009. http://www.oehha.org/prop65/public_meetings/052909coms/fluoride/SENESFluoride.pdf

“Water intake for a given age group varies substantially – around a factor of 100 between the highest and lowest consumption rates (discussed in the NRC report). The result of this is that for water fluoride at 1mg/L vs. water fluoride at 4 mg/L, there will be a huge overlap between the respective populations, with apparent differences only at the very highest water intakes. In other words, any effect seen at 4 mg/L is probably going to occur in some people at 1 mg/L (e.g., in the people with the highest water consumption or in people with impaired fluoride excretion), but this might easily be missed in the sample sizes typically used in studies.” See also: http://fluoridealert.org/content/kathleen-thiessen-phd/

24.) Center for Disease Control, ‘Recommendations for Using Fluoride to Prevent & Control Caries,’ 2001. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5014a1.htm ‘1 ppm fluoride was the optimal concentration in community drinking.’ [original emphasis]

See also: NRC, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 2006. Pg. 15. Artificial fluoridation began in 1945.
25.) Department of Health and Human Services and Environmental Protection Agency, ‘News Release: EPA & DHHS Announce New Scientific Assessments and Actions on Fluoride.’ January 7, 2011. http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/3881d73f4d4aaa0b85257

359003f5348/86964af577c37ab285257811005a8417!OpenDocument

26.) F. Lin, Aihaiti, H. Zhao, et al., “The Relationship of a Low-Iodine and High-Fluoride Environment to Subclinical Cretinism in Xinjiang,” Iodine Deficiency Disorder Newsletter Vol. 7 (1991): 3. Xinjiang Institute for Endemic Disease Control and Research; Office of Leading Group for Endemic Disease Control of Hetian Prefectural; and County Health and Epidemic Prevention Station, Yutian, Xinjiang. See also: P. Connett, J. Beck, H. Micklem, The Case Against Fluoride, 2010. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing. Pg. 138, Pg. 202, this study was reviewed by the 2006 NRC.

EXPANDED VERSION REFERENCES

3.) National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards.’ Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006. Pg. 29, Infants with average water consumption: range of dosage is 0.042 to 0.072mg/kg/day. Infants with above average water consumption: range of dosage is 0.084 to 0.14mg/kg/day. http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11571 *This citation referred to herein, as NRC, ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water,’ 2006.

www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp11-c8.pdf

Also viewable at EPA’s Integrated Risk Information System: http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0053.htm

5.) Center for Disease Control, ‘Fluoridation FAQ Sheet.’ ‘In 1962, based on scientific studies showing that fluoride reduces tooth decay, the U.S. Public Health Service recommended the amount of fluoride in drinking water range from 0.7 to 1.2 milligrams per liter.’ http://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/faqs/#overview7
See also: NRC, ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water,’ 2006. Pg. 1, ‘Guidelines for that purpose (0.7 to 1.2 mg/L) were established by the U.S. Public Health Service more than 40 years ago.’

6.) Department of Health and Human Services and Environmental Protection Agency, ‘News Release: EPA & DHHS Announce New Scientific Assessments and Actions on Fluoride.’ January 7, 2011. http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/3881d73f4d4aaa0b85257

359003f5348/86964af577c37ab285257811005a8417!OpenDocument

7.) Food and Nutrition Encyclopedia, 1994. 2^nd edition: Vol. 1. Edited by M & A Ensminger. CRC Press. Pg.779, ‘Fluorine has a small safety range.’ Viewable on Amazon Books. See also: K. Thiessen, “Comments on: Prioritization of Chemicals for Carcinogen Identification Committee Review. Proposed Chemicals for Committee Consideration and Consultation. Proposition 65 Implementation, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency,” May 5, 2009. http://www.oehha.org/prop65/public_meetings/052909coms/fluoride/SENESFluoride.pdf

8.) Dr. J. M. Links, John Hopkins University School of Public Health, ‘Environmental Health Lecture: Principles of Exposure, Dose, and Response.’ 2006. Pg. 5, ‘Dose: the amount of agency actually deposited within the body…. Typically the distinction between exposure and dose is blurred, although in reality, significantly different doses can result from the same exposure.’ http://ocw.jhsph.edu/courses/environmentalhealth/PDFs/Lecture5.pdf

9.) Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, ‘Minimum Risk Levels for Hazardous Substances.’ ‘Minimum Risk Limit (MRL): An MRL is an estimate of the daily human exposure to a hazardous substance that is likely to be without appreciable risk of adverse non-cancer health effects over a specified duration of exposure.’ http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls/index.asp

10.) Ibid. ATSDR, citation #9.
11.) ATSDR, citation #4.
12.) ATSDR, citation #4.
13.) NRC, ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water,’ 2006. Pg. 170-71: “excessive intake of fluoride will manifest itself in a musculoskeletal disease with a high morbidity” i.e. skeletal fluorosis. See also: World Health Organization, ‘Water-related diseases: Fluorosis.’ ‘Ingestion of excess fluoride, most commonly in drinking-water, can cause fluorosis which affects the teeth and bones.’ http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/fluorosis/en/

14.) United States Government Printing Office. Federal Register Volume 62, Number 234, Friday, December 5, 1997. 40 CFR Part 180. Environmental Protection Agency: ‘Fluorine Compounds; Time Limited Pesticide Tolerance.’ Pg. 64297, C. Exposures and Risks, Section 2, Part ii: ‘Fluoride levels in public drinking water are regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act. EPA has established a Maximum Concentration Limit (MCL) at 4.0 mg/L 0.114 mg/ kg/day to protect against crippling skeletal fluorosis (April 2, 1986) (51 FR 11396).’ http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1997-12-05/html/97-31920.htm

When a Drug is in the Water, Dosage Varies

15.) Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, ‘Toxicological Profile for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine,’ 2003. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Service. Pg. 157, ‘Fluoride retention appears to be higher in children than adults. Approximately 80% of an absorbed dose of fluoride is retained in young children compared to 50% in adults. This is supported by the finding that renal fluoride excretion rate is lower in children than adults. This difference in fluoride retention is due to high fluoride uptake in developing bones.’ Viewable on Google eBooks.
16.) NRC, ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water,’ 2006. Pg. 3, ‘On per-body-weight basis, infants and young children have approximately three to four times greater exposure than do adults… Among individuals with an average water-intake rate, infants and children have the greatest total exposure to fluoride.’ See also: Pg. 29: One will note infants consume the highest dosages.
17.) Citation #15 & #16.

18.) NAS, ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water,’ 2006. Kidney Dysfunction: Pg. 292, ‘Several investigators have shown that patients with impaired renal function, or on hemodialysis, tend to accumulate fluoride much more quickly than normal.’ Pg. 101, ‘severe renal insufficiency appears to increase bone fluoride concentrations, perhaps as much as twofold.’ See also: National Kidney Foundation, Official Position Statement Rescinding NKF’s 1981 Endorsement of Water Fluoridation, April 15, 2008. https://www.kidney.org/atoz/pdf/Fluoride_Intake_in_CKD.pdf

See also: Citation #1: CDC, ‘unusually susceptible to the toxic effects of fluoride.’

19.) Ibid. Citation #18. See also: Citation #8, ‘Environmental Health Lecture: Principles of Exposure, Dose, and Response.’

And Response Effect Varies due to Sensitivity

Environmental Protection Agency, ‘Dose-Response Assessment.’ ‘Both the dose at which response begin to appear and the rate at which it increases given increasing dose can be variable between different pollutants, individuals, exposure routes, etc.’

http://www.epa.gov/risk_assessment/dose-response.htm.

21.) NAS, ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water,’ 2006. Iodine Deficiency: Pg. 88, regarding dietary iodine effect on dosage, and Pg. 234, ‘In animal studies, high fluoride intake appears to exacerbate the effects of low iodine concentrations.’ Pg. 262-3, “In humans, effects on thyroid function were associated with fluoride exposures of 0.05-0.13 mg/kg/day when iodine intake was adequate and 0.01-0.03 mg/kg/day when iodine intake was inadequate.”

22.) Citation #20.

Unknown Effect on the Individual & Uncontrollable Dosage

23.) Citation #2.

24.) Infants: Citation #15 & #16. Subsets of the population: Citation #1, Kidney Dysfunction: #18, Iodine Deficiency: #21. See also: NAS, ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water,’ 2006. Pg. 23, “review acknowledged that ‘substantially’ higher intakes of fluoride from consumption of fluoridated water would result for individuals such as outdoor laborers in warm climates or people with high-urine-output disorders, but these intakes were not quantified.”
25.) Logical Warranted Conclusion of Citation #3 + Citation #4.

Infants Exceed Minimum Adverse Dosages at the “Recommended” “Optimal”

26.) Citation #5.

27.) NRC, ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water,’ 2006. Pg. 33, ‘Mean concentration of fluoride in milk from mothers in fluoridated…’ [Tables on pg.34-5] Pg. 36, ‘communities (1mg/L in the water) was 0.0098mg/L; in nonfluoridated communities, the mean was 0.0044 mg/L.’ Summary in Table 2-6, pg. 40: “Summary of Typical Fluoride Concentrations of Selected Food and Beverages in the United States.”
1.2/ 0.0044 = 273. 1.2/ 0.0098 = 122. 0.7/0.0044 = 160. 0.7/0.01 = 70.

28.) Center for Disease Control, Advises Against Using Fluoridated Water to Mix Infant Formula, http://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/safety/infant_formula.htm
29.) American Dental Association e Gram, ‘Interim Guidance on Reconstituted Infant Formula,’ November 9, 2006.

30.) American Academy of Pediatrics, “Fluoride Supplementation for Children: Interim Policy Recommendations from Dietary Fluoride Workshop Committee on Nutrition, January, 1994.’ Pediatrics, Vol. 95, No. 5 (May 1998). Also published by Journal of the American Dental Association, Vol. 126, June 1995. See also: American Dental Association, “Fluoride Supplement Dosage Schedule.” http://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/fluoride-supplements#dosage

31.) US National Institute of Health’s Online Library of Medicine: “Toxnet Toxicity Data Network: Fluorosilicic Acid.” http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+2018

32.) E.U. Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrients and Allergies, Affiliated with the European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Committee on the Status of Dietary Reference Values for Fluoride. Requested by European Commission. EFSA Journal. Issue 11, No. 8 (Aug 2013). Pg. 3332. ‘Fluoride is not an essential nutrient.’ This sentence is viewable online: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3332.htm

33.) U.S. Federal Register, Volume 60, Number 249. Rules and Regulations, 21 CFR, Part 101. Docket NO. 90N-0134, RIN 0910-AA19. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, “FDA Food Labeling: Reference Daily Intakes.” December 28, 1995. Last sentence of Section II.: “Consistent with the vast majority of comments, FDA is adopting these values [Daily Values, i.e. Dietary Reference Intakes, for essential nutrients] except the value for fluoride, as explained below.” See also: National Institute of Health’s “MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia.” Note: “Recommended Daily Dietary Intake of fluoride” is a distinct term from “Recommended Daily Allowance,” used with essential nutrients like calcium. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002420.htm
34.) Letter by Dr. Bruce Albert, president of the National Academy of Sciences, and Dr. Kenneth Shine, president of the Institute of Medicine, to Dr. Albert W. Burgstahler and other scientists, November 20, 1998. “Contradictory results do not justify a classification of fluoride as an essential element, according to accepted standards. Nonetheless, because of its valuable effect on dental health, fluoride is a beneficial element for humans.’
35.) B. Burt, ‘The Changing Patterns of Systemic Fluoride Intake.’ Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 71, No. 5 (May 1992). Pg. 1228-1237. ‘Fluoride is not an essential nutrient due to a lack of studies.’

36.) US National Institute of Health’s Library of Medicine: ‘Toxnet Toxicity Data Network.’ Fluorosilicic acid toxicity: “Human Toxicity Value of 4 (Very Toxic) to 5 (Extremely Toxic),” citing the following reference: ‘R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984, p. II-101.’ Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products, 5^th ed., states fluorosilicic acid toxicity is between 4 to 5 on page 1921, and sodium fluoride toxicity is between 4 to 5 on page 1932, but the latter (sodium fluoride) is not referenced on Toxnet.
http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/f?./temp/~vHpgfA:3

See also: World Health Organization, ‘Air Quality Guidelines for Europe,’ 2000. Second Edition, WHO Regional Publications, No. 91. Pg. 4, “The toxicity of fluorides is due to the toxicity of the fluoride ion, a direct cellular poison that binds calcium and interferes with the activity of proteolytic and glycolytic enzymes. Fluoride inhibits oxygen consumption…”
http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/123075/AQG2ndEd_6_5Fluorides.PDF

37.) Logical Warranted Conclusion of Citation #3 + Citation #4.
38.) Citation #50 & #51.

39.) Citation #24.

40.) A.) Environmental Protection Agency Pesticide Registration Review, ‘EPA Proposes to Withdraw Sulfuryl Fluoride Tolerances.’ http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/sulfuryl-fluoride/evaluations.html

B.) U.S. Department of Agriculture, “USDA National Fluoride Database of Selected Beverages and Foods,” 2004. Prepared by Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA; in collaboration with University of Minnesota, Nutrition Coordinating Center; University of Iowa, College of Dentistry; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Food Analysis Laboratory Control Center; National Agricultural Statistics Service, CSREES, USDA; and Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service. See: https://library.villanova.edu/Find/Record/817953/Details

C.) Fluorine in Agriculture, 1995. Edited by R. Banks, University of Manchester. Pg. 3, Shell trademarked a fluoride based insecticide and rodenticide. Dow has trademarked a fluoride based herbicide, and DuPont, fluoride fungicide. Google eBook.
41.) Wine A) A. Burghstahler, “Fluoride in California Wines and Raisins,” Fluoride Vol. 30, No.3 (1997): 142-46. “Water-extractable F content of five brands of California raisins varied from 0.83 to 5.2 ppm (mean 2.71ppm). Elevated F levels in these wines and raisins appear to result from the pesticide use of cryolite (Na3AfF6) in the vineyards.”

B) G. Ostrom, “Cryolite on Grapes/Fluoride in Wines—A Guide for Growers and Vintners to Determine Optimum Cryolite Applications on Grapevines,” CATI Viticulture and Enology Research Center, California State University, Fresno, published by the California Agricultural Technology Institute, CATI Publication #960601, June, 1996.

42.) Carbonated Beverages and Fruit Juices

A.) J. Heilman, M. Kiritsy, S.M. Levy, J.S. Wefel, “Assessing Fluoride Levels of Carbonated Soft Drinks,” Journal of the American Dental Association, Vol. 130, No.11 (Nov 1999): 1593-95. 332 soft drinks, ranged from 0.02ppm to 1.28, with mean of 0.72. “Fluoride levels exceeded 0.6ppm for 71% of the products.”
B.) J. Shannard, Y. Shim, M. Kritsineli, P. Labropoulou, A. Tsamtsouris, “Fluoride Levels and Fluorides Contamination of Fruit Juices,” Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, Vol. 16, No.1 (Fall 1991): 38-40. 42% of 43 samples had more than 1ppm fluoride. “Since it is a common practice to use fluoride-containing insecticide in growing grapes, it is believed that contamination of these juices is occurring.” Abstract. Range from 0.15 to 6.8ppm. Top three highest fluoride juices: Welch’s brand 100% grape juice 2.6ppm, Minute Maid brand white grape, 3, Gerber brand white grape, 6.8.

43.) Teas, for some reason, take in and store more fluoride than other plants.

A.) M. Whyte, “Fluoride Levels in Bottled Teas,” The American Journal of Medicine Vol. 119, No. 2 (2006): 189–90.

B.) M. Whyte, W. Totty, V. Lim, and G. Whitford, “Skeletal Fluorosis from Instant Tea,” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Vol. 23, No. 5 (2008): 759–69.

C.) J. Hallanger Johnson, A. Kearns, P. Doran, et al., “Fluoride-Related Bone Disease Associated with Habitual Tea Consumption,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings Vol. 82, No. 6 (2007): 719–24. Note: Erratum on dosage error in article text in: Mayo Clinic Proceedings 82, no. 8 (2007): 1017 http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/content/82/6/719.full

44.) Chicken: N. Fein, F. Cerklewski, “Fluoride Content of Foods Made with Mechanically Separated Chicken,” Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry Vol. 49, No.9 (Sept 2001): 4284. “A single serving of chicken sticks alone would provide about half of a child’s upper limit of safety for fluoride.”

45.) Infant Food

Heilman, M. Kiritsy, S. Levy, J. Wefel, “Fluoride Concentrations of Infant Foods,” Journal of the American Dental Association, Vol. 128 (July 1, 1997): 857-863. 0.01 to 8.38 micrograms per gram, with highest fluoride concentrations found in infant foods containing chicken.

46.) Teflon cooking pans

Marier, D. Roser, “Environmental Fluoride,” National Research Council of Canada, Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality, 1977. NRCC no. 16081. ISSN 0316-0114. “Teflon-lined cookware may contribute to the fluoride ingested by humans… Full and Parkins boiled fluoridated water at a moderate rate until a one-third or one-half reduction was attained, then determined the fluoride content of the residual water… In Teflon-coated ware, the concentration of fluoride ion increased to nearly 3ppm. This result requires confirmation; but, if its correct, then the release of fluoride into foods during cooking in plastic-coated wares requires investigation.” Cited by Fluoride Action Network. Online. Accessed, October 2013. http://www.fluoridealert.org/content/sulfuryl-fluoride-fans-objections-request-for-hearing-april-8-2002/

47.) NRC, ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water,’ 2006. Pg. 23, ‘The fluoride intake from toothpaste or mouth rinse by children with good control of swallowing, assuming twice-a-day use, was estimated to equal the intake from food, water, and beverages.’ [emphasis added]. See also: Dental Products E. Bentley, R. Ellwood, and R. Davies, “Fluoride Ingestion from Toothpaste by Young Children,” British Dental Journal 186, no. 9 (1999): 460–62.
See also: S. Levy and N. Guha-Chowdhury, “Total Fluoride Intake and Implications for Dietary Fluoride Supplementation,” Journal of Public Health Dentistry Vol. 59, no. 4 (1999): 211–23.

48.) Prozac aka Fluoxetene. Royal Academy of Chemistry. ‘Ironically, while elemental fluorine is decidedly bad for your health, fluorine atoms turns up in some 20% of all pharmaceuticals. The top-selling anti-depressant Prozac, the cholesterol-lowering drug Lipitor, and the antibacterial Cipro, all have fluorine.’ http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/interactive_periodic_table_transcripts/fluorine.asp

No Space for Comfort: Inadequate Margin of Safety

49.) Logical Warranted Conclusion of Citation #3 + Citation #4.
50.) Center for Disease Control, ‘Recommendations for Using Fluoride to Prevent & Control Caries,’ 2001. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5014a1.htm ‘1 ppm fluoride was the optimal concentration in community drinking.’ [original emphasis]

51.) NRC, Fluoride in Drinking Water, 2006. Pg. 15. Artificial fluoridation began in 1945.
52.) Citation #3, #4, #24.

The New “Optimal:” Feds Reduce the “Recommended” Concentration After 71 Years

53.) Citation #6.

54.) Citation #50.

55.) NRC, ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water,’ 2006. Pg. 2-3, “After reviewing the collective evidence, including studies conducted since the early 1990s, the committee concluded unanimously that the present MCLG of 4mg/L for fluoride should be lowered. Exposure at the MCLG clearly puts children at risk of developing severe enamel fluorosis, a condition that is associated with enamel loss and pitting. In addition, the majority of the committee concluded that the MCLG is not likely to be protective against bone fractures.” See also: pg., 10, “Lowering the MCL will prevent children from developing severe dental fluorosis and will reduce the lifelong accumulation of fluoride into bone that the majority of the committee believes is likely to put individuals at increased risk of bone fracture and possibly skeletal fluorosis.”

56.) NRC, ‘Fluoride in Drinking Water,’ 2006. Pg. 18, ‘EPA set an MCLG of 4 mg/L on the basis of crippling skeletal fluorosis (50 Fed. Reg. 47,142 [1985]).’ See also:
Citation #14.
57.) EPA, Office of Drinking Water, MCL of many contaminants, including fluoride. http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/upload/mcl-2.pdf

58.) Citation #13.

59.) Citation #14.

60.) Citation #55.

61.) EPA, ‘Six Year Review.’ ‘On January 7, 2011, the Agency announced its intent to review the national primary and secondary drinking water regulations for fluoride.’ Referring to: Citation #47. One will note: the MCL is still 4ppm on its website. http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/regulatingcontaminants/sixyearreview/index.cfm

Too Close for Comfort: How Much Space for Safety?

62.) Citation #7.

63.) Citation #9, #14, #55, #56.

64.) Logical Warranted Conclusion of Citation #3 + Citation #4, Citation #50.

65.) F. Lin, Aihaiti, H. Zhao, et al., “The Relationship of a Low-Iodine and High-Fluoride Environment to Subclinical Cretinism in Xinjiang,” Iodine Deficiency Disorder Newsletter Vol. 7 (1991): 3. Xinjiang Institute for Endemic Disease Control and Research; Office of Leading Group for Endemic Disease Control of Hetian Prefectural; and County Health and Epidemic Prevention Station, Yutian, Xinjiang.

66.) P. Kurttio, N. Gustavsson, T. Vartiainen, and J. Pekkanen, “Exposure to Natural Fluoride in Well Water and Hip Fracture: A Cohort Analysis in Finland,” American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 150, No. 8 (1999): 817–24.

67.) Q. Xiang, Y. Liang, L. Chen, et al., “Effect of Fluoride in Drinking Water on Children’s Intelligence,” Fluoride Vol. 36, No. 2 (2003): 84–94. http://www.fluorideresearch.org/362/files/FJ2003_v36_n2_p84-94.pdf

68.) P. Bachinskii, O. Gutsalenko, N. Naryzhuniuk, et al., “Action of Fluoride on the Function of the Pituitary-thyroid System of Healthy Persons and Patients with Thyroid Disorders,” (article in Russian), Problemy Endokrinologii (Mosk) Vol. 31, No. 6 (1985):25-9. English Translation can be found at fluoridealert.org/bachinskii.1985.pdf
69.) P. Connett, J. Beck, H. Micklem, The Case Against Fluoride, 2010. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing. Pg. 138, Pg. 202.

Recent Science, Chemistry & Ethics of Water Fluoridation

Easy-to-Read Overview of the Recent Science on Drinking Fluoridation Chemicals in Your Public Water and the associated Health Risks

References: Dosage vs Concentration & Margin of Safety.